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Muhammad ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
Muhammad ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur was the Emir of Harar, Ethiopia (1856–1875). In the oral traditions of the Harari, he was reviled for having entered in an ''ilman gosa'' (adoptive brotherhood) with the Bokku of the Ala Oromo. This alliance enabled him to usurp the throne 30 August 1856 and oppress his own people by devaluing the city's currency while extracting a special ''mahalaq al-Galla'' or Oromo tax.〔S. Waldron, ("The political economy of Harari-Oromo relationships (1554-1975)" ), p. 12 (Forced migration Online website, accessed 3 July 2009)〕 Richard Pankhurst also notes that Emir Muhammad forbade his subjects from eating rice or dates, "declaring that they were suitable only for rulers."
The native Harari appealed to khedive Isma'il of Egypt, who then directed Ra'uf Pasha, in command of the military expedition that had annexed Zeila and Berbera to Egypt in 1870, to march on Harar. Ra'uf Pasha occupied Harar October 1875, according to Trimingham, "without encountering any resistance except for some from the Galla tribes. So ended the independence of the city-state of Harar after less than two centuries."〔J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), pp 120f.〕 Two letters of Emir Muhammad survive, both dated 6 October 1875, to Ra'uf Pasha, which discuss the terms of the city's surrender.〔Printed with an English translation in Sven Rubenson (ed.), ''Acta Aethiopica, Volume III: Internal Rivalries and Foreign Threats, 1869-1879'' (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2000), letters 133 and 134.〕
==See also==
*List of emirs of Harar
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